Nonbone Metastasis in Prostate Cancer: Characteristics, Tumor Microenvironment, Diagnosis and Treatment

Cancer Heterogeneity and Plasticity 2025;2(3):0014 | https://doi.org/10.47248/chp2502030014

Review Open Access

Nonbone Metastasis in Prostate Cancer: Characteristics, Tumor Microenvironment, Diagnosis and Treatment

Genyu Du , Penghui Xu , Helen He Zhu , Na Jing

State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China

Correspondence: Helen He Zhu; Na Jing

Academic Editor(s): Dean G. Tang

Received: Jul 11, 2025 | Accepted: Aug 22, 2025 | Published: Aug 29, 2025

Cite this article: Du G, Xu P, Zhu HH, Jing N. Nonbone Metastasis in Prostate Cancer: Characteristics, Tumor Microenvironment, Diagnosis and Treatment. Cancer Heterog Plast. 2025;2(3):0014. https://doi.org/10.47248/chp2502030014

Abstract

The incidence and mortality of prostate cancer (PCa) are increasing worldwide, affecting the health of millions of men. Metastatic PCa (mPCa) represents a critical challenge in terms of clinical treatment because of its aggressive invasiveness and metastatic potential, making it a main cause of death in this population. Although bone metastasis is more common in PCa patients, nonbone metastases, such as liver, lung, and brain metastases, are typically associated with a poorer prognosis. However, the mechanisms underlying nonbone metastasis in PCa are still not fully understood. This review summarizes the characteristics of tumor cells, the tumor microenvironment, research models, and diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for nonbone metastasis in PCa, with a particular focus on liver metastasis, and proposes feasible directions for future research.

Keywords

Prostate cancer, cancer metastasis, nonbone metastasis, tumor microenvironment, neuroendocrine

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